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Newcastle upon Tyne, commonly referred to as Newcastle, is a city in northeast England on the River Tyne. It originated in the Middle Ages around a Norman castle (“New Castle”) and became a major center for coal mining and shipbuilding in the 19th century. Today, Newcastle is a vibrant university city, known for its architecture, bridges such as the Tyne Bridge, and lively nightlife. The football club Newcastle United is also a defining feature of the city’s identity.